The activity of natural enemies can be exploited by employing proper conservation and augmentation techniques. Reproductive incompatibility among genetic groups of bemisia. The past three decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in the whitefly bemisia tabaci, owing to its nature as a taxonomically cryptic species, the damage it causes to a large number of herbaceous plants because of its specialized feeding in the phloem, and to its ability to serve as a vector of plant viruses. Postrelease evaluation of biological control of bemisia tabaci biotype b in the usa and the development of predictive tools to guide introductions for other countries. Entomopathogenic fungi for control of bemisia tabaci biotype b. The transmission of geminiviruses by biotypes of bemisia. December 38, 2006 z duck key, florida usa i welcome to the 4th international bemisia workshop.
Whiteflies have long been considered a major pest of ornamental crops. Structure of the whitefly bemisia tabaci hemiptera. Foreign exploration for insect natural enemies of bemisia for use in biological control in the usa. Classical biological control of bemisia tabaci in the united states. Since then, the concomitant eruption of a group of plant viruses known as begomoviruses has created considerable management problems in many countries. Biology and epidemiology of bemisia tabacivectored viruses. Novel proteome and acetylome of bemisia tabaci q in. Twenty years ago in 1986, florida experienced outbreaks of what is now known as bemisia tabaci biotype b, first in greenhouse poinsettia, then in a wide diversity of vegetable, ornamental and. Aleyrodidae and its natural enemies leading to successful biological control of bemisia biotype b in the usa. In addition to use of extant fauna, importation of parasitoids belonging to the genera encarsia andor eretmocerus and of various predators has been successfully. Interactions between the whitefly bemisia tabaci and. He joined usda in 1988 as an ars research entomologist to study natural enemies of bemisia tabaci in orlando, fl, and subsequently served as an aphis project leader of the bemisia biocontrol implementation program in the imperial valley in brawley, ca. Considerable research has been done on the taxonomy of bemisia tabaci, and perring 2001 proposed 7 distinct groups within the complex. Aleyrodidae is a polyphagous insect attacking many plant species of economic importance.
Release and recovery of four species of eretmocerus against bemisia tabaci biotype b in arizona. Section iii biology and epidemiology of bemisia vectored viruses, edited and introduced by m. Cohen and brummett 1997 reported that the relative lack of methionine makes b. Although it can be difficult to differentiate between whitefly species either in the field or with advanced general microscopic screening, it is not possible to identify bemisia tabaci biotype q through field or traditional morphological methods. Laboratory evaluation of 19 imported and two indigenous parasitoid species in quarantine on b. Pdf studies on biology of cotton whitefly, bemisia tabaci were carried. Review article biological control of bemisia tabaci using. In 1986, bemisia tabaci gennadius was found attacking an array or ornamental plants in florida greenhouses. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Until 1986, the primary pest species was the greenhouse whitefly ghwf, trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood. Genetic diversity of bemisia tabaci gennadius hemiptera. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic variability of b. The whitefly, bemisia tabaci, is one of the most prolific pests of vegetables and ornamentals throughout the world.
Because of concentration on pest species, particularly b. Can molecular techniques solve the bemisia tabaci complex conundruma taxonomists viewpoint. Pest and principal whitefly vector of plant viruses. Biology all whiteflies have six developmental stages. Sometimes studies have focused on solving crop loss due to one or several of these damage types and the results are most applicable on a local scale. The study on biology of tomato whitefly, bemisia tabaci genn. The contribution of conservation biological control to integrated control of bemisia tabaci in cottonq steven e. Reproductive incompatibility among genetic groups of bemisia tabaci supports the proposition that the whitefly is a cryptic species complex volume 100 issue 3 j. The worldwide distribution and extensive genetic diversity of the whitefly bemisia tabaci has long been recognized. Begomoviruses are an emerging group of plant viruses, exclusively transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci in a persistentcirculative manner.
Bemisia tabaci strain b females lay their eggs haphazardly over the underside of the leaf occasionally females will lay eggs in circles. Bemisia tabaci gennedius has distinguished itself from the more than 1 000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the worlds inhabited continents. Bionomics and management of a global pest springerlink. Classical biological control of bemisia tabaci in the united. In addition to temperature, the host plant plays a major role in the biology of b. Jun 16, 2010 bemisia tabaci gennedius has distinguished itself from the more than 1,000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the worlds inhabited continents. Bemisia tabaci, being possibly of indian origin fishpool and burban, 1994, was described under numerous names before its morphological variability was recognised. Bemisia tabaci gennedius has distinguished itself from the more than 1,000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and. Despite the economic importance of both, very little is known about begomoviruswhitefly interactions. Aleyrodidae is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world.
Since 1991, an increase in the populations of the whitefly bemisia tabaci genn. Other research has broader application for tomato growers throughout the world. Bemisia tabaci adults figs 1 and 8 are about 1 mm long, the male is slightly smaller than. Novel technique for the control of insect growth regulator resistant b. Bemisia tabaci gennedius has distinguished itself from the more than 1,000 whitefly species in the world by its adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the worlds inhabited continents. Bbiotype and parasitism by encarsia formosa gahan on collard, soybean and tomato plants karina manami takahashi1. Since then, the concomitant eruption of a group of plant viruses known as begomoviruses has created.
A comparison study was conducted on the duration of the eggtoadult period, and the percentage of hatching eggs of bemisia tabaci genn. The results revealed that, egg, first, second, third and fourth nymphal period was 6. The book is unique in providing broad coverage in relatively few chapters by recognized experts that highlight the stateoftheart in our understanding of this fascinating but troublesome cosmopolitan pest. Bemisia tabaci gennedius has distinguished itself from the more than whitefly species in the world by it adaptability, persistence and potential to damage a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops in all six of the worlds inhabited continents. Bemisia tabaci has long been considered a complex species. Currently, information regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of b. Aleyrodidae were collected from disparate locations worldwide. A further point to recognize is the location of bemisia atriplex, which sits within the b. Changes in the biology of bemisia tabaci on cassava in africa and. Largely driven by the damage of two species, bemisia tabaci. The successful exploration, importation, screening, evaluation, rearing, and establishment of at least five exotic bemisia. Phylogenetic biology of the bemisia tabaci sibling species group. Bionomics and management of a global pest philip a. Parasitism by encarsia formosa gahan on plants 639 sci.
Pdf biology of cotton whitefly, bemisia tabaci hemiptera. Much of what is known about whitefly biology comes from research on pest species, such as sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius, greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood, and silverleaf whitefly, bemisia argentifolii bellows and perring also referred to as the b strain or biotype b of b. Scientists in florida soon realized that this species. Crop pest and the principal whitefly vector of plant viruses 97808388953. Reproductive incompatibility among genetic groups of. The bemisia tabaci complex is polyphagous and now attacks many crops, but without significant. General information about bemisia tabaci bemita eppo global database. Chapter in bookreportconference proceeding chapter. Ellsworthb a usdaars, aridland agricultural research center, 21881 north cardon lane, maricopa, az 858, usa buniversity of arizona, department of entomology, maricopa agricultural center, 37860 west smithenke road, maricopa, az 858, usa. Apr 11, 2006 the past three decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in the whitefly bemisia tabaci, owing to its nature as a taxonomically cryptic species, the damage it causes to a large number of herbaceous plants because of its specialized feeding in the phloem, and to its ability to serve as a vector of plant viruses.
Hoelmer transferred to the ars european biological control laboratory in montpellier. Aleyrodidae in tunisia, inferred from rapd markers dhia bouktila, salma elmnouchiskhiri, maha mezghanikhemakhem, hanem makni, and mohamed makni abstract the whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius, is one of the most damaging pests in agricultural systems worldwide. Each female lays up to 160 eggs on the undersides of the leaves. A comparison study was conducted on the duration of the eggtoadult period, and the. Silverleaf whitefly, formerly known as bemsia argentifolii, is now officially recognized as the b biotype. Classical biological control of bemisia tabaci in the. In other parts of the world it may be referred to as the cotton or tobacco whitefly. The silverleaf whitefly bemisia tabaci, also informally referred to as the sweet potato whitefly is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests.
Issn 23207078 structure of the whitefly bemisia tabaci. It rose to global prominence in the 1980s owing to the global invasion by the commonly named b biotype. Bbiotype and parasitism by encarsia formosa gahan on collard, soybean and tomato plants. Pdf chapter 6 biology, ecology, and management of sweetpotato. Bemisia tabaci, a literature survey on the cotton whitefly with an annotated bibliography. Largely driven by the damage of two species, bemisia tabaci gennadius and trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood, a wealth of information has been developed over the last 150 years that informs current whitefly management programs and provides the foundation for such programs in the future. The silverleaf whitefly, formerly known as bemisia tabaci biotype b, but now widely known as middle eastasia minor 1 species was first identified as a new strain of b. There has been some confusion when referring to the different whitefly species andor biotypes of bemisia. T1 the transmission of geminiviruses by biotypes of bemisia tabaci gennadius au markham, p. Section iv management of bemisia in diverse cropping systems, edited and introduced by d. The genus bemisia contains 37 species and is thought to have originated from asia mound and halsey, 1978.
The contribution of conservation biological control to. We report the 615mb highquality genome sequence of b. Bernisia tabaci is believed to be a species complex, with a number of recognised biotypes and two described extant cryptic species. Whitefly, bemisia tabaci, infestations on tomato varieties and a wild lycopersicon species. This book collates multiple aspects of the pest ranging from basic to applied science and molecular to landscape levels of investigation. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors, b. Release and recovery of exotic parasitoids of bemisia tabaci in the lower rio grande valley of texas. Postrelease evaluation of biological control of bemisia tabaci biotype b in the usa and the development of predictive tools to guide introductions for other countries john a. In florida the b biotype is referred to as the sweetpotato or silverleaf whitefly. All the experimental studies were conducted in the greenhouse with controlled conditions 25c temp and 65% rh at the main agriculture research station raichur karnataka. Ellsworthb a usdaars, aridland agricultural research center, 21881 north cardon lane, maricopa, az 858, usa. Outbreaks of bemisia tabaci in the sao paulo state, brazil.
Like most phloemfeeding insects, it has coevolved with several bacterial symbionts that may play important roles in both ecological and biological processes 6, 7. Postrelease evaluation of biological control of bemisia. Bemisia tabaci gennadius is a polyphagous, highly destructive pest that is capable of vectoring viruses in most agricultural crops. Pdf the sweetpotato whitefly was first described in 1889 and called the tobacco. Bemisia tabaci is an extremely polyphagous pest that causes direct damage and can act as a vector of viral plant diseases. Biological control of bemisia tabaci using predators and. Aleyrodidae infesting vegetables and ornamental plants in some localities of sao paulo state, brazil. The whitefly bemisia tabaci gennadius q commonly known as b. Novel proteome and acetylome of bemisia tabaci q in response. In 2010, the b biotype was given a new designation, bemisia tabaci middle east asia minor 1, one of 28 cryptic species in the b. The literature on whiteflies is vast and in this chapter we have distilled the information most pertinent for tomato production in an effort to give the reader an understanding of our current knowledge on. Bemisia tabaci is a serious cosmopolitan pest of many crops, including cotton gossypium hirsutum and.
In this chapter, we focus on the basic biology, ecology, and management of b. Aleyrodidae interaction with geminivirusinfected host plants and it is anticipated to command a wide readership among. Nineteen biotypes have been identified based on nonspecific esterase banding patterns biotypes at, and the two described. Among the most important plant viruses to be transmitted by b. Information is provided on bemisia tabaci bemisia tabaci subject category. Biology of whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius on tomato.
239 914 1127 201 1253 1168 1251 537 1570 1538 759 1112 552 104 875 815 559 879 276 714 1393 1463 766 396 1028 588 1537 1204 1495 425 875 433 46 523 928 429 1457 635 1306 1185 235 715 363